The Relationship between Social Network Service Use Motives and Subjective Well-Being: The Mediating Effect of Online and Offline Social Capital

Objective@#The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of social capital on the relationship between Social Media use motives and subjective well-being. @*Methods@#In the study, online self-reporting surveys were conducted with Social Media users in their 20s, and data from 445 participants were used for structural equation modeling. @*Results@#The main findings of the study were as follows. First, the interpersonal motives for Social Media use had an indirect effect on subjective well-being by mediating offline bonding capital and online bonding capital. In addition, interpersonal motives had an indirect effect on subjective well-being by dual-mediating online and offline bonding capital. Second, the self-expression motive for Social Media use did not directly affect subjective well-being, but it indirectly affected subjective well-being by mediating offline bonding capital. Third, the information-seeking motive for Social Media use did not directly affect subjective well-being, but it indirectly affected subjective well-being by mediating offline bonding capital. @*Conclusion@#This study identified a specific mechanism for how motives for using Social Media affect subjective well-being. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that the effect of Social Media use on subjective well-being may differ depending on the motive for Social Media use.

Social Anxiety and Social Networking Service Addiction Proneness in University Students: The Mediating Effects of Experiential Avoidance and Interpersonal Problem

Objective@#This study examined the mediating effects of experiential avoidance and interpersonal problems on the relationship between social anxiety and social networking service (SNS) addiction proneness. @*Methods@#An online survey was conducted on 400 university students in their 20s across Republic of Korea. The scales used in the study were the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Korean Acceptance-Action Questionnaire-II (K-AAQ-II), Short form of the Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scale (KIIP-SC), and SNS addiction proneness scale for university students. For data analysis, structural equation modeling was conducted, and phantom variables were used to verify the significance of individual indirect effects of the multiple mediation model. @*Results@#Social anxiety had no direct effect on SNS addiction proneness. Experiential avoidance and interpersonal problems completely mediate the relationship between social anxiety and SNS addiction proneness sequentially. @*Conclusion@#Our result suggests that experiential avoidance leads to interpersonal problems and SNS addiction proneness. In other words, it is important to alleviate experiential avoidance in treating or preventing interpersonal problems and SNS addiction proneness among university students with social anxiety.

Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in South Korea

Objective@#This study’s aim is to verify the longitudinal effect of depressive symptoms on all-cause mortality depending on the age group. @*Methods@#The Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging’s data from 2006 to 2016 were assessed using longitudinal data analysis, and 10,145 participants (age [mean±standard deviation], 61.7±11.1 years; males, 4,426 [43.6%]; females, 5,719 [56.4%]; middle-aged adults, 6,036 [59.5%]; older adults, 4,109 [40.5%]) were included at baseline. The chi-square test, log-rank test, factor analysis, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association between depressive symptoms and mortality. To verify that which feelings and behaviors are associated with mortality, factor analysis was used to Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and it was divided into two factors: negative and positive affects. @*Results@#The hazard ratio (HR) of all-cause mortality for the Q1 (high) of the negative affect factor was higher than the Q3 (low) of this factor (HR, 1.489; 95% confidence interval, 1.284–1.728). Additionally, the association between negative affect and all-cause mortality was stronger in middle-aged adults than older adults. @*Conclusion@#The study provided evidence of the longitudinal effect of depressive symptoms on all-cause mortality regardless of age. However, middle-aged adults could be more sensitive to negative feelings and behaviors than older adults.

The Relationships between Addiction to Highly Caffeinated Drinks, Burnout, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the addiction to highly caffeinated drinks among university students, and we investigated the relationships between smartphone addiction, depression, anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), burnout, self-esteem, impulsiveness in high caffeine drink addiction risk group (high caffeine group). We also compared these mental health factors differences between the high caffeine group and the control group; and, investigated the relative risk between the independent variables of the high caffeine group. METHODS: This study was conducted in Korea, from June 2015 to July 2016. A set of questionnaires was administered on 511 college students. RESULTS: The participants who belonged to the high caffeine group were more likely to demonstrate the symptoms of ADHD and higher levels of burnout and impulsiveness. Further, the results of logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between the high caffeine group and burnout. CONCLUSION: These behaviors among university students addicted to highly caffeinated drinks suggests the need for timely and effective interventions for those at risk of addiction.

Comparison of Memory Function and MMPI-2 Profile between Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Adjustment Disorder after a Traffic Accident

OBJECTIVE: Differential diagnosis between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment disorder (AD) is rather difficult, but very important to the assignment of appropriate treatment and prognosis. This study investigated methods to differentiate PTSD and AD. METHODS: Twenty-five people with PTSD and 24 people with AD were recruited. Memory tests, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI-2), and Beck's Depression Inventory were administered. RESULTS: There were significant decreases in immediate verbal recall and delayed verbal recognition in the participants with PTSD. The reduced memory functions of participants with PTSD were significantly influenced by depressive symptoms. Hypochondriasis, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, paranoia, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder scale of MMPI-2 classified significantly PTSD and AD group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that verbal memory assessments and the MMPI-2 could be useful for discriminating between PTSD and AD.

Validation of the Korean Version of the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the Children's Revised Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) and its validity as a screening instrument for the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: The study population consisted of two samples. The clinical sample consisted of 60 child and adolescent patients from the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine. The normal sample consisted of 291 students from four schools (primary, middle, and high schools). We administered four self-report questionnaires (the CRIES, Child Reports of Post-traumatic Symptoms [CROPS], State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children [STAI-C], and Children's Depression Inventory [CDI]) to 351 children and adolescents after obtaining informed consent from all participants and their parents. RESULTS: The CRIES showed good reliability (Cronbach's alpha for the full scale and subscales ranged from 0.85 to 0.93). The total CRIES score was positively correlated with CROPS, STAI-C, and CDI. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a three-factor structure for the CRIES (intrusion, avoidance, and hyper-arousal) had a significantly better fit than a two-factor model (intrusion/hyper-arousal and avoidance). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that a cutoff of 26 offered the optimum predictive point. That is, this cutoff maximized the balance between sensitivity (0.88) and specificity (0.85). Using this cutoff, the positive predictive value was 0.86, and the negative predictive value was 0.99. CONCLUSION: These findings imply that the CRIES is a highly accurate diagnostic test in clinical settings.

Predictive Factors of Social Functioning in Patients with Schizophrenia: Exploration for the Best Combination of Variables Using Data Mining

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use data mining to explore the significantly contributing variables to good social functioning in schizophrenia patients. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 67 schizophrenia patients on stable medication. A total of 51 variables (6 demographic data, 3 illness history, 22 social cognition, 16 neurocognition, 4 psychiatric symptoms) were input into a data-mining decision tree using the Answer Tree program to find the pathway for the best social functioning. RESULTS: Several contributing factors for good social functioning were found. Continuous attention was the strongest contributing factor. Three variables involving best social functioning included good continuous attention, good theory of mind (TOM), and low sensitivity of disgust emotion. CONCLUSION: Our results confirmed the mediating roles of social cognition between neurocognition and functional outcomes, and suggested that social cognition can significantly predict social functioning in schizophrenia patients.

Theory of Mind Deficits in Schizophrenia Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES : Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to conceptualize other people's mental states in order to explain their behavior. This study compared the ToM ability of schizophrenia patients, their first-degree biological relatives, and healthy controls. METHODS : ToM animation test was administered to schizophrenia patients (N=28), their healthy first-degree relatives (N=26), and healthy controls (N=28). The Korean version of schizotypal personality questionnaire (SPQ) was used to assess the schizotypal personality trait of all three groups. RESULTS : Schizophrenia patients and their first-degree relatives showed decreased accuracy on ToM animation test compared to healthy controls [F(2,78)=29.75, p<.001]. Additionally, first-degree relatives performed worse than the control group and better than schizophrenia patients. First-degree relatives had similar SPQ scores compared to healthy controls but showed decreased ToM accuracy compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION : ToM deficits in schizophrenia patients are apparent. The ToM deficit in first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients raises the possibility that ToM deficit may be a endophenotype for schizophrenia pathology.

Aberrant Response of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor in Two Patients with High N100 Amplitude Slope / 대한정신약물학회지

Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of depressive illness. The assessment of alteration of cerebral serotonin has been still controversial but interesting topic to study. Recently, increasing evidence has accumulated that the N100 amplitude slope reflects cerebral serotonin activity and treatment response of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). We report on two patients who showed abrupt mood changes and side effects after taking SSRI antidepressants. In both patients, aberrantly high N100 amplitude slopes were observed. Our cases suggest that the N100 amplitude slope may be a reliable indicator for predicting manic conversion and side effects in the SSRI treatment of depressive patients. Controlled studies are necessary to confirm whether a high N100 amplitude slope is a useful indicator of SSRI supersensitivity.

Efficacy of a Physical Examination in the Diagnosis of a Scaphoid Fracture

PURPOSE: A scaphoid fractures (SF), an important injury with acute pain, may not be diagnosed on the initial X-rays in the emergency department. Some authors have suggested that several clinical examinations are necessary to reliably confirm the presence of a fractured scaphoid in those patients presenting with an injury clinically suggestive of such a fracture, but without a fracture visible on the initial Xrays. we performed this prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of clinical signs believed to be useful in the diagnosis of a SF. METHODS: We performed a 1-year prospective study on 127 patients with suspected SFs. They were examined on two separate occasions : first in the emergency department and then in the outpatient clinic of the orthopedic department 2 weeks later. Tenderness in the anatomical snuff box (ASB), tenderness over the scaphoid tubercle (ST), and pain on longitudinal compression with the thumb (LC) were evaluated. RESULTS: At the initial examination, the ASB, the ST and LC were all 100% sensitive for detecting a SF with specificities of 40%, 49%, and 59%, respectively. These clinical signs, used in combination within the first 24 hours following injury, produced 100% sensitivity and an improvement in the specificity to 76%. Ninety-one (91) patients had one or more of positive clinical tests, with 18 of those patients having a SF visible on the initial X-ray and five having a fracture diagnosed either by repeated X-ray or CT 2 weeks after the injury. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the clinical signs ASB, ST, and LC are inadequate indicators of a SF when used alone and should be combined to achieve a more accurate clinical diagnosis.

Tooth Injuries in the Emergency Department

PURPOSE: Tooth injuries are common complaints presenting at emergency departments, so emergency physicians (EP) should play an important role in the initial care of dental trauma. However, there has been little interest in and research on this subject. Examining the various clinical factors helpful for the emergency physician's care of tooth injuries, we attempted to acquire basic data for establishing treatment guideline. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done by reviewing the dental charts of 214 patients who presented to the emergency departments of one secondary hospital and one tertiary hospital following tooth injuries during a 1-year period (Oct. 2000-Sept. 2001). The following variables were extracted and examined: age, mechanism of injury, number and location of injured teeth, radiograph performance, diagnosis, type of treatment. RESULTS: With the 1992-WHO classification, 9 types of tooth injuries were found (multiple response): in adults, concussion (23.5% of cases), subluxation (16.7%), pulp-exposed crown fracture (16.7%), avulsion (10.8%), and non-pulpexposed crown fracture(15.7%); in children, subluxation (20.2%), luxation (17.2%), avulsion (17.2%), and concussion (11.1%), Seven types of treatment were performed based on single most difficult treatment recorded per patient: 91 conservative cares (42.5% of cases), 9 pulp cappings (4.2%), 49 splints (22.9%), 7 replantations (3.3%), 17 pulpectomies (7.9%), 30 extractions (14.0%), and 10 others. CONCLUSION: Considering that the most prevalent treatments were splints and conservative cares, we think emergency medicine could play a wide role in the initial management of tooth injuries and suggest a further co-study with a dentist.

Efficacy of Otolith Repositioning Maneuver and Its Clinical Features in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

PURPOSE: Until recently, three variants of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) have been recognized: the first is posterior-canal canalolithiasis, the second is horizontal-canal canalolithiasis, and the last is horizontal-canal cupulolithiasis. However, the last two types of BPPV have not been introduced into the textbook of Emergency Medicine yet. The otolith repositioning maneuvers are effective treatments for BPPV, but in emergency medicine, there has been little interest in and research on them. Our goals were to determine the efficacies of these treatments and to examine the clinical features of each types of BPPV. METHODS: We performed a 6-month prospective study on forty-one patients (47 cases) who presented with a history and physical examination consistent with active BPPV to the emergency departments of a secondary hospital and a tertiary hospital (Dec. 2001-May. 2002). The patients were treated with a modified Epley canalith repositioning maneuver for posterior-canal BPPV, a modified Barbecue rotation for horizontal-canal canalolithiasis, and the maneuver of Jo et al. for horizontal-canal cupulolithiasis. RESULTS: A resolution attributable to the first intervention was obtained in 71.4% of the posterior-canal BPPV cases by using the modified Epley maneuver and in 73.1% of the horizontal-canal BPPV cases by using a modified Barbecue rotation and the maneuver of Jo et al. CONCLUSION: The otolith repositioning maneuvers result in a resolution of vertigo in the majority of patients (84.8% of the cases) immediately after treatment. They are safe and require no special equipment or investigations. They should be established as the treatments of choice for BPPV in emergency department.

A Case of Lateral Semicircular Canal Cupulolithiasis Treated with New Cupulolith Repositioning Maneuver

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a commonly presenting problem at the emergency department. Three types have been recognized based on the pathogenesis of BPPV. The first is posterior-canal canalolithiasis, the second is horizontal-canal canalolithiasis, and the last is horizontal-canal cupulolithiasis. With the first two types of BPPV, an otolith-repositioning manuever can be performed quickly at the bedside with rapid results, often providing much satisfaction to both patient and physician. However, in the case of horizontal-canal cupulolithiasis, no established repositioning maneuver existed until recently. In 2000, Jo et al. developed a new repositioning maneuver and reported excellent results. We report a case of BPPV horizontal-canal cupulolithiasis that immediately responded to the maneuver of Jo et al. and strongly recommend use of this repositioning maneuver at the emergency department.

An Anatomical Study of the Superior and Inferior Gluteal Arteries Supplying Gluteus Maximus for Musculocutaneous Flaps / 체질인류학회지

The tissues of gluteal region including skin and underlying gluteus maximus muscle are used for reconstructions of head and neck deformities caused by trauma and lumbosacral defects caused by bed sores, and for reconstruction of breast. Moreover, gluteus maximus flaps were used for reconstruction of anal -and vaginal -sphincter dysfunctions after radical resection for treatment of cancer in anorectal or vaginal region. Because the knowledge on the precise course and branching patterns of the arteries supplying the gluteus maximus muscle enables the prediction of the safety of surgery, the perforating branches supplying skin and subcutaneous tissues which exited from the gluteus maximus muscle, the positions of the superior and inferior gluteal arteries exited from pelvic cavity under the gluteus maximus muscle, and the course of these arteries under surface of the muscle were investigated. Total ninety -one dissected gluteus maximus from 47 Korean cadavers (44 bilateral specimens and 3 unilateral specimens) were observed. The perforating branches exited from the gluteus maximus were divided into upper and lower parts. The superior gluteal artery supplied upper two fifth of gluteal region and the inferior gluteal artery supplied the rest of gluteal region. The positions of superior and inferior gluteal arteries exited from pelvic cavity were in 1 cm medial to upper one third point on connecting line from posterior superior iliac spine to greater trochanter of femur, and middle point on connecting line from posterior superior iliac spine to ischial spine, respectively. The courses of the superior and the inferior gluteal arteries were classified into four types by distribution patterns. The most common incidence (46.5%) was observed in the typical type (Type I) that the superior and inferior gluteal artery supplied the upper or lower part of gluteus maximus muscle, respectively. The incidence of type II that some branches of inferior gluteal artery run up to the area supplied by superior gluteal artery was 16.3%. In contrast to type II, the incidence of type III that some branches of superior gluteal artery run down to the area supplied by inferior gluteal artery was 18.6%. The incidence of Type IV that only superior gluteal artery supplied the muscle was 18.6%.

Near-Drowning

No abstract available.

Comparison of Triage Score and Triage-Revised Trauma Score for Triage in Emergent Trauma Patients

BACKGROUND: The triage-revised trauma score(t-RTS) is used for triage in trauma patients in many countries. Recently, the triage score was developed as a new triage method for trauma patients in Korea. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of triage for the t-RTS and the triage score. METHODS: The medical records of 1575 consecutive trauma patients visiting the Emergency Center, Masan Samsung Hospital, from March to August 1999 were retrospectively analyzed. The triage score and the t-RTS were taken from the charts completed by the emrgency room doctors and nurses. The accuracies of the two triage methods were compared by using the undertriage and the overtriage rates, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis, and a correlation analysis with many physiologic, anatomical, biochemical, and mixed scores(Glasgow coma scale, injury severity score, TRISS, APACHE II and III scores, operation, survival, etc.). RESULTS: The undertriage rates for the triage score and the t-RTS were 22.8% and 38.2%, r e s p e c t i v e l y ( p

Electron Microscopic Studies on the Effects of Retinoic Acid on Palatogenesis in Fetal Rats / 체질인류학회지

Retinoic acid (RA) is widely used to treat the dermatologic disorders, such as acne and psoriasis, but its usage is limited because of teratogenic effects. Moreover, it is known that RA induces cleft palate by influencing epithelial differentiation and mesenchymal cells in palatine processes. We studied the ultrastructures of the epithelial and mesenchymal cells in rat palatine shelves treated with RA, in comparison with those of the normal developing rat. In this experiment, pregnant Sprague -Dawley rats were treated with 100 mg/kg of all -trans retinoic acid at day 10 of gestation. Pregnant rats were killed at 14 th and 16 th day of gestation. Fetuses were removed and palatine processes were dissected. The specimen were observed with a transmissiom electron microscope. The results were as follows. 1. Palatine epithelium of control rats was made up of two cell layers at day 14 of gestation, and that of RA treated rats consisted of multicellular layers. At the 16th day of gestation, many apoptotic bodies were observed in triangular area of the palatine epithelium of the control rat. In contrast, apoptotic cells were hardly observed in RA treated rats. 2. Mesenchymal cells of control rats contained cytoplasmic process, oval -shaped nucleus, well -developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and mitochondria. RA treated mesenchymal cells showed atrophied cisternae of Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum with sacculated, fragmented and ribosome detached cisternae, mitochondria with dissolved mitochondrial cristae, and multivesicular body. After RA exposure during palatogenesis, the frequency of apoptotic bodies was low in palatine epithelium, and mesenchymal cells were severely damaged. In conclusion, it is suggested the RA may induce direct cytotoxic effects on mesenchymal cells and influence normal apoptosis process in developing epithelium.